From: Empathy promoting interventions for health professionals: a systematic review of RCTs
First author, publication year | Intervention | Frequency | Duration of intervention | Comparison group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Experiential Interventions | ||||
Riess 2012 | Empathy training: Videos of clinical interactions | Three 60-min modules | 1 month | Standard post graduate medical education |
Daeppen 2011 | Motivational interviewing training: Sessions of practical exercises and role playing, Learning objectives, training activities, including exercises, DVD extracts and role-plays | Two 4-h sessions | 2 days | No training |
Rask 2009 | Communication skills training: Program including role playing, theoretical presentations, video demonstrations, group discussions | Two 2-day sessions lasting 33 h | 2 months | No training |
Saphiro 2009 | Communication skills training: Therapeutic communication elective program: including regular meetings on one to one basis with patients under psychiatrist’s supervision | Weekly meetings | 4 months | No training |
Boncivici 2008 | Communication skills training: Audiotaped physician—patient interaction, didactic and experiential teaching modalities, coaching, practice sessions | 3 times, 6 h each (18 h) | 3 months | No training |
Butow 2008 | Communication skills training: Intensive face-to-face workshop | 1.5 intensive and four 1.5 h monthly | 6 months | No training |
Delvaux 2005 | Communication skills training: Theoretical information, role play, how to handle patients’ distress | Six 3-h consolidation workshops | 3 months | 19-h basic training program |
Shapiro 2004 | Empathy training: Reading and discussion sessions | 1 h twice monthly | 4 months | No training |
Fallowfield 2002 | Communication skills training: Learner-centered course incorporating cognitive, behavioral and experiential components, written feedback | ND | 3 days | Written feedback |
Jenkins 2002 | Communication skills training: Courses were learner centered, incorporating cognitive, experiential, and behavioral components | ND | 3 days | No training |
Razavi 2002 | Communication skills training: Theoretical information, case presentations, role play | 5 days per week | 3 weeks | No training |
Smith 1995 | Psychosocial Training: Intensive program including interviewing, somatization, patient education, self-awareness | 3 times per week | 1 month | No training |
Daniels 1988 | Microtraining skills: Videotapes, microtraining/ microcounseling | 6 segments 3 to 5 h length (total 25 h) | ND | No training |
Wolf 1987 | Training to facilitate response to patients’ concerns: Series of videotapes/ video program (interpreting body language in everyday practice) | 6-h lectures, 4 weekly 3-h sessions | 1 month | 6-h lectures |
Robbins 1979 | Interpersonal skills: Videotapes, discussions and sensitivity exercise | 8-day course, 1–2 h every morning (30 h) | 8 days | No training |
Non-experiential Interventions | ||||
Blaire-Irvine 2012 | Mental illness training: Internet Program: “Caring Skills: Working with Mental Illness” including video modeling vignettes, right way and wrong way exemplars, testimonials, narrations for creating empathy | 2 visits, 1 week apart - 2 courses each visit (10–30 min length each course) | 2 weeks | No training |
Tulsky 2011 | Training to facilitate response to patients’ concerns: 1-h lecture plus CD-ROM training program (with 5 modules: effective communication, empathic opportunities, responding) | ND | 1 month | 1-h lecture |