Author | −Country, Number of patients (% female), Inclusion criteria, Age (y) Mean(SD), Duration of pain (mnth), Mean(SD), Intervention, therapists | Working alliance | Dependent variable measurement | Influence of Working alliance | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | r | B-value | R2 | Qality | ||||
Cohort studies | |||||||||
Higdon [28] 1997 Cohort | Pain | 3 months after therapy end | 14/22 | ||||||
−United States of Amerika (Illinois) −Work hardening programm of Healthsouth. −53 −%♂♀:na −>3 mnth MSP −Age 39.98 (11.59) −Pain duration 8.36 (5.86) −Individual program with aerobic and various strengthening exercises −Delivered by female occupational therapists and a case manager −5 days a week for 2–6 h daily −Total 4–6 weeks of treatment | WAI 12-item (12–60) 8 days after start of treatment | Pain Severity (MPI) (0–7) | 3.19 (1.11) | 2.92 (1.22) | na | na | |||
Pain Interference (MPI) (0–7) | 3.70 (1.16) | 3.23 (1.32)* | na | na | |||||
Activity | Therapy end | ||||||||
Floor/Bench | 44.58 (22.50) | 54.97 (21.59)* | .27* | .26 | .07* | ||||
Overhead lift | 31.33 (12.85) | 40.83 (13.56)* | ns | np | np | ||||
Push/Pull | 66.81 (15.40) | 74.42 (22.67)* | ns | np | np | ||||
Carrying | 43.57 (21.72) | 55.39 (23.42)* | ns | np | np | ||||
Bliss [29] 2009 Cohort | Pain | Therapy end | 17/22 | ||||||
−United States of Amerika (Indiana) −Outpatient rehabilitation clinics and multidisciplinary pain clinics −59 −67 %♀ −>3 mnth CLBP −Age 47.47 (14.14) −Pain duration 74.36 (83.76) −Exercises, not specifically mentioned −Delivered by Physical Therapists −Total 5 weeks | WAI 12-item (12–60) 5 weeks after start of treatment | Pain severity (BPI) (0–40) | Change 4.21 (9.3)* | .29* | .29 | .08* | |||
Pain Interference (BPI)(0–70) | Change 4.95 (13.8) (ns) | .29* | .30 | .08* | |||||
Farin [30] 2012 Cohort | Pain | Therapy end | Risk factor | 20/22 | |||||
−Germany (several regions) −Inpatient and outpatients orthopedic rehabilitation centers −688 −57.2 %♀ −497 employed −>6 mnth CLBP −Age 51.0 (11.2) −Pain duration 13.0 % (<12 mnth), 29.7 (12–60 mnth), 56.5 % (>72 mnth), 0.8 % unknown −Various interventions. Aerobic, strengthening −Delivered by various professional groups (physicians, physical-, occupational-, and sport therapists, psychologists) −3 weeks, 4–5 therapy sessions a day on workdays | PHYSAT (0–10) At the end of therapy | Pain severity (VAS (0–100) | 52.9 (22.7) | 41.35 (22.77) | na | 1.44*a | |||
6 months after | 6 months after | ||||||||
40.22 (36.04) | 1.15*a | ||||||||
Activity | Therapy end | ||||||||
ODI (0–100) | 31.11 (15.87) | 26.15 (15.96) | na | 1.23* | |||||
6 months after | 6 months after | ||||||||
23.9 (17.14) | .75* | ||||||||
Ferreira [5] 2013 Cohort | Pain | Therapy end | 20/22 | ||||||
−Australia (Sydney) −Outpatient hospital physical therapy departments −182 −♀(70.0 % GE, 66.3 % MCE, 70.0 % SMT) −>3mth CLBP −Age 54.2(15.4) −Pain duration median 60 (GE), 36 (MCE), 84 (SMT) −General exercise (GE), or Motor control exercise (MCE), or spinal manipulation (SMT) −Delivered by 7 experienced physical therapists −8 weeks 12 sessions of treatment | WATOCI (16–112) 2nd treatment | Pain severity VAS (0–10) | GE 6.5 (2.1) MCE 6.3 (2.0) SMT 6.2 (2.0) | na | na | na | -.04 95 % CI (−.070 to -.017)* | ||
Activity | |||||||||
RMDQ (0–24) | GE 13.9 (5.4) MCE 14.0 (5.3) SMT 12.4 (5.8) | na | na | na | -.11 95 % CI (−.166 to -.060)* | ||||
Randomized Controlled Trial | |||||||||
Fuentes [31] 2014 RCT | Pain | 1st treatment session | 9/10 | ||||||
−Canada (Edmonton) −Sport physical therapy laboratory −59 −I (n = 29) 65.5 % ♀ −C (n = 30) 60.0 %♀ −>3 Mo CLBP −Age, I 29.7(11.33); C 30.5(10.26) −Pain duration, I 51.21(38.30); C 45.3 (56.76) −I One interferential therapy during 30 min. at comfortable sensory level −C One interferential therapy and a 10 min. working alliance interventionb −Delivered by 3 experienced female physical therapists that were trained in patient-therapeutic interactions by a clinical psychologist | Pain severity NRS (0–10) | I: 4.03 (0.92) | I: 0.89 (0.98) | ||||||
C: 4.01 (0.91) | C: 2.18 (1.17) | ||||||||
MD: −12.949, 95 % CI (−18.766 to −7.132)* | |||||||||
Muscle pain sensitivity PPT | I: 4.11 (1.8) | I: 6.21 (2.6) | |||||||
C: 3.89 (1.8) | C: 5.15 (2.6) | ||||||||
MD: −0.856, 95 % CI(−1.682 to −0.030) after Bonferroni correction ns |